Statement-I: Brazil’s first reported case of bird flu on a commercial poultry farm in May 2025 immediately triggered alarms regarding global poultry supply chains.
Statement-II: Brazil accounts for approximately 5% of the global chicken export market, making its poultry industry a minor player in international trade.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The Moon’s farside crust is significantly thinner than its nearside crust, allowing for more extensive volcanic maria formation on the farside.
2. The lunar nearside was found to be more volcanically active in the past due to higher concentrations of heat-producing elements like
helium and argon.
3. The GRAIL mission detected that the Moon’s nearside mantle is warmer by approximately 100-200°C compared to the far side mantle.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Statement-I: United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) frequently encounters challenges in ensuring its freedom of movement within its designated area of operations in Southern Lebanon.
Statement-II: UN Security Council Resolution 1701 mandates UNIFIL to operate independently of the Lebanese Armed Forces and to disarm all armed groups in Lebanon without requiring the consent of the Lebanese government.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. New Caledonia is an independent sovereign nation located in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean.
2. The indigenous Kanak people constitute the majority population and have consistently voted for maintaining close political ties with France.
3. The New Caledonian Barrier Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, encloses one of the world’s largest lagoons.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

1. It is a herbivorous mammal, primarily feeding on fruits and leaves found in the Western Ghats.
2. Its IUCN status is ‘Vulnerable’ due to increasing habitat fragmentation.
3. The species is characterized by grey fur with dark spots.
4. It is a diurnal and social animal, often found in large family groups.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: Sikkim’s integration into India in 1975 was a result of a military annexation by India following the lapse of British paramountcy.
Statement-II: Sikkim shares a border with West Bengal and is strategically important due to its proximity to the Doklam region.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The Act exclusively criminalizes spying activities undertaken by foreign nationals on Indian soil.
2. Wrongful communication of sensitive information under Section 5 of the OSA is punishable only if it is proven to be intentional.
3. Prosecutions under the OSA must always be conducted in open court to ensure transparency.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. It is a year-round initiative led by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to protect all species of sea turtles found in Indian waters.
2. The operation primarily focuses on the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, the world’s largest rookery for Olive Ridley turtles.
3. A key objective is to enforce the mandatory use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) by fishing trawlers operating along the Odisha coast during the turtle nesting season.
4. The Indian Navy plays the lead role in surface and aerial surveillance for this operation.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: The practice of facial tattooing among Kandha women originated primarily as an aesthetic tradition to enhance marital eligibility and signify tribal identity.
Statement-II: The decline in the facial tattooing tradition among younger Kandha women is largely attributed to increased education, awareness campaigns, and a shift in cultural perceptions of relevance and protection.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is responsible for constituting the JPC.
2. Members of the JPC are drawn exclusively from the Lok Sabha.
3. The JPC must submit its report within 90 days unless an extension is granted.
4. The strength of the JPC reflects proportional party representation in Parliament.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. CCTNS enables predictive policing through AI algorithms.
2. It provides direct access to police station records for the general public.
3. It eliminates the need for manual reporting of crimes at the state level.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

1. Cold wave conditions are declared in the hills when minimum temperatures fall below 5°C.
2. Snowfall in the Himalayas has no direct effect on the cold wave conditions in northern India.
3. Cold waves are intensified in regions with clear skies and calm winds.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The JPC can examine bills, policies, and specific issues referred to it
2. It is a permanent committee with fixed tenure.
3. The JPC can summon documents, witnesses,and experts for its analysis.
4. Its recommendations are submitted to the Parliament for further discussion.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. They provide crucial insights into early life forms that depend on extreme environments.
2. Hydrothermal vents are a primary source of global oxygen production.
3. The mineral deposits around vents can serve as a potential resource for economic development.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

1. It is listed as “Critically Endangered” under the IUCN Red List.
2. It relies on visual navigation due to its welldeveloped eyesight.
3. It is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
4. It is found in the river systems of India, Nepal, and Bhutan.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. Fiscal prudence emphasizes expenditure based on economic cycles.
2. It discourages any form of public debt.
3. Fiscal prudence includes the rationalization of subsidies.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) operates primarily under the Ministry of Home Affairs and is responsible for infrastructure development only along India’s land borders with China and
Pakistan.
2. The Sela Tunnel project, providing all-weather connectivity, is located in the state of Sikkim on the border with Nepal.
3. The Vibrant Villages Programme aims to enhance infrastructure and economic opportunities in border villages primarily located along the northern border (Indo-China border).
4. Project DANTAK, executed by the BRO, focuses on developing road infrastructure within Bhutan,contributing to bilateral cooperation.
How many of the above statements are correct?

1. The river originates from the Janapav Hills in Madhya Pradesh and is known for flowing through extensive badland topography.
2. It is a right-bank tributary of the Ganga River, contributing directly to the main Ganga channel.
3. The National Chambal Sanctuary, located along this river, is primarily focused on the conservationof the Gharial, Ganges Dolphin, and the Mugger crocodile.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: Drone-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems offer enhanced security for communication by relying on the principles of quantum mechanics rather than mathematical complexity.
Statement-II: The no-cloning theorem is fundamental to QKD, ensuring that any attempt by an eavesdropper to intercept the quantum signals will inevitably introduce detectable anomalies.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. Geotubes are exclusively made from impermeable synthetic materials to prevent any water exchange with the surrounding environment.
2. The installation of geotubes always requires deep excavation of the seabed to ensure their stability against wave action.
3. A primary mechanism by which geotubes protect coasts is by forming a submerged barrier that absorbs and dissipates wave energy before it reaches the shore.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. It is a tri-state protected area exclusively managed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.
2. The sanctuary’s topography is primarily characterized by dense tropical rainforests and extensive mangrove swamps.
3. It has been officially recognized as an Important Bird Area (IBA) due to its significance for avian biodiversity.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

1. The Territorial Army is a full-time professional military force, similar to the regular Indian Army.
2. The Chief of the Army Staff has always possessed the inherent power to fully mobilise the Territorial Army without any specific legal
provision.
3. The Territorial Army primarily recruits individuals who are already serving in paramilitary forces.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The “nine-dash line” claim by China encompasses approximately 50% of the South China Sea and is largely accepted under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
2. The Paracel Islands are primarily disputed between the Philippines and Malaysia, with China playing a mediating role.
3. The Sunda Shelf is the deepest part of the South China Sea and is a major area for hydrocarbon exploration.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The GHCI is implemented by the Ministry of Power, with the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) acting as the primary certification body.
2. The scheme mandates a specific greenhouse gas (GHG) emission threshold, measured in kg CO2 equivalent per kg H2
, for hydrogen to be certified as “green.”
3. Certification under GHCI covers the entire lifecycle of green hydrogen, including its production, transportation, and storage, to ensure end-toend traceability.
4. The scheme is mandatory for all hydrogen producers in India, irrespective of whether their product is for domestic consumption or exclusively for export.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. To be eligible for appointment as CJI, a person must have served as a Judge of a High Court for at least ten years or been an advocate in a High Court for at least five years.
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure of five years for the office of the Chief Justice of India.
3. The President of India can appoint an Acting Chief Justice if the office of the CJI is vacant, but only after obtaining concurrence from the collegium of the five senior-most Supreme Court judges.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. Starlink is an example of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations designed to provide global broadband services with significantly lower latency than traditional Geostationary Earth
Orbit (GEO) satellites.
2. A key advantage of LEO satellite internet constellations is their inherent immunity to weather-related signal disruptions, particularly
in higher frequency bands.
3. Inter-satellite links using lasers or radio waves are crucial for creating a mesh network in space, enabling seamless data transfer and reducing reliance on numerous ground stations.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: The Special 301 Report is an annual publication by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that identifies countries with inadequate protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), which negatively impacts global trade.
Statement-II: India’s consistent placement on the ‘Priority Watch List’ in the Special 301 Report is primarily due to concerns regarding its
pharmaceutical patent laws and high customs duties on ICT goods.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The park is located in the Satpura ranges of Chhattisgarh and is primarily characterized by moist evergreen forests.
2. The park is bisected by the Narmada River, which is the primary perennial water source supporting its rich biodiversity.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The NSAB was established as a statutory body through an Act of Parliament to provide longterm strategic inputs.
2. The National Security Advisor (NSA) of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the National Security Advisory Board.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The National Medical Register (NMR) is established under the provisions of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.
2. Enrolment in the NMR is mandatory only for doctors practicing in government healthcare institutions.
3. One of the primary objectives of the NMR is to facilitate the regulation of fee structures for medical consultations across India.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. As a broad-spectrum fungicide.
2. As a nitrogen-fixing agent in soil.
3. As a micronutrient supplement.
4. As an insecticide against specific pests.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. Direct emissions from vehicles (primary particles).
2. Formation from gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx
(secondary particles).
3. Wind-blown dust from construction sites.
Which of the above contribute to PM10 pollution?

1. Improved service delivery and administrative efficiency.
2. Elimination of duplicate records and streamlined entitlements.
3. Real-time digital access to health information for beneficiaries.
4. Complete autonomy for individual beneficiaries in choosing empanelled hospitals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. It allocated the water of three “eastern” rivers of the Indus system to India, and the three “western” rivers primarily to Pakistan.
2. It allows India to construct run-of-river hydropower projects on the western rivers within specified design constraints.
3. It permits either country to unilaterally suspend and exit the treaty at any time.
Select the correct answer using the code below:

1. The Kashmir Valley is drained by the Jhelum River.
2. Pahalgam is situated at the confluence of a stream from Sheshnag Lake and the Lidder River.
3. The Pir Panjal Range lies to the northeast of the Kashmir Valley.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. It is an inland sea located entirely within the territory of Turkey.
2. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits.
3. It lies along a major fault line, making the region prone to frequent earthquakes.
4. It is one of the largest seas in the world by surface area.
Select the correct answer using the code below:

1. The device primarily measures internal physiological parameters like heart rate and blood oxygen saturation without skin contact.
2. It employs a sealed chamber creating a microclimate adjacent to the skin to measure molecular flux.
3. One of its significant applications includes monitoring wound healing, particularly in diabetic patients.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The ASI was founded during the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon, who was known for his keen interest in preserving India’s ancient monuments.
2. The ASI operates as an autonomous body directly under the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) to ensure its independence in archaeological
research.
3. The logo of the ASI is inspired by the Lion Capital of Ashoka, symbolizing India’s sovereign authority and ancient heritage.
4. One of the core functions of the ASI is the conservation of ancient monuments notified under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
How many of the above statements are incorrect?

1. Paribhogika relics refer exclusively to the physical bodily remains of Gautama Buddha, such as bones and teeth.
2. The National Museum of India is the sole custodian and curator of all authenticated Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha found globally.
3. The sharing of these relics with other nations is primarily managed by the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) without the involvement of the Indian government.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The report indicates that despite improvements, the vast majority of MSMEs in India still lack access to formal credit channels.
2. The report was prepared solely by NITI Aayog without collaboration from any external research institutions.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: The Vizhinjam International Seaport is strategically positioned to become a major transshipment hub, potentially reducing India’s dependence on foreign ports like Colombo and Singapore.
Statement-II: The port boasts a significant natural depth, thus allowing it to handle next-generation ultra-large container vessels (ULCVs). Which one of the following is correct in respect of
the above statements?

Statement-I: The Satavahana rulers issued coins with ship motifs, reflecting their engagement in maritime trade and navigation.
Statement-II: The Krishna-Godavari delta, a core region of the Satavahana empire, was a highly fertile rice-producing zone, which provided a strong agrarian base supporting their economic activities,
including trade.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of
the above statements?

1. The reserve is primarily characterized by Himalayan moist temperate forests and alpine meadows.
2. The Burha river, one of the major rivers draining the reserve, is an ephemeral river that flows only during the monsoon season.
3. The geological formations in PTR are composed of Gondwana formations and other rock types such as Gneiss and Quartzite.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The Chairperson of the NHRC must be a retired Chief Justice of India, and no other retired Supreme Court Judge is eligible for this position.
2. The recommendations made by the NHRC regarding human rights violations are binding on the concerned government or authority.
3. The NHRC can investigate an alleged human rights violation if the complaint is made within two years of the incident.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: The Bhakra Dam was primarily conceived to address the recurrent flood menace in the Sutlej valley.
Statement-II: The Sutlej River is a trans-Himalayan river that maintains a consistent flow due to its origin in glacier-fed lakes, making it suitable for large-scale multi-purpose river valley projects.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. WAVES is an initiative exclusively focused on promoting Indian classical music and dance forms on a global platform.
2. A primary objective of the summit is to facilitate B2B transactions and content deals within the broader media and entertainment sector.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: ANPR systems help improve road tax compliance and traffic law enforcement.
Statement-II: They rely on blockchain-based registries for immutable vehicle identification.
Select the correct answer code:

1. GNSS cannot be used in tunnels or under dense foliage.
2. GNSS tolling allows real-time feedback on road conditions to drivers.
3. GNSS allows seamless interoperability across countries using different satellite systems.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. KVIC was originally established as part of the Planning Commission.
2. KVIC supplies raw materials and offers artisan training.
3. It undertakes R&D to promote renewable energy use in rural industries.
4. KVIC has the authority to conduct market linkage campaigns and retail promotions.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. It promotes liver transplant surgeries under a subsidized scheme.
2. It aims to integrate liver health into national health policies.
3. Community outreach under HEALD focuses on underprivileged populations.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. Inclusion in the Eighth Schedule ensures use of the language in the UPSC Civil Services Exam.
2. Sanskrit is one of the 22 languages listed in the Schedule.
3. Inclusion in the Schedule mandates its use in primary education across India.
4. English was added to the Eighth Schedule after liberalization in 1991.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: Moonlight Solar Panels generate electricity using heat lost from their surfaces at night.
Statement-II: It works based on thermoelectric generators capturing radiative cooling differentials.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. Exacerbation of asthma and bronchitis.
2. Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
3. Impaired lung growth in children.
4. Development of skin allergies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. Their ability to undergo anhydrobiosis (a form of cryptobiosis induced by lack of water).
2. The presence of unique proteins that protect their DNA from radiation.
3. Their rapid reproductive cycle allowing for quick adaptation.
4. Their large size, providing a greater buffer against environmental changes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Satavahanas implemented a highly centralized administrative system with minimal autonomy granted to provincial governors.
2. Their economy was predominantly pastoral, with limited development in agriculture or trade.
3. The Satavahanas were pioneers in granting taxfree lands to Buddhist monks and Brahmins, a practice that significantly influenced later Indian feudal patterns.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: The classification of Lord Buddha’s relics into Saririka, Paribhogika, and Uddesika types encompasses all forms of revered items associated with his life and teachings.
Statement-II: Saririka relics, being direct physical remains, are considered the most sacred and are exclusively housed in stupas constructed by Emperor Ashoka.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The NHRC can only inquire into human rights violations if a formal petition is filed by the victim or on their behalf.
2. The ex-officio members of the NHRC include the Chairpersons of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Women.
3. The NHRC has the power to award monetary compensation to victims of human rights violations, which is directly enforceable.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. All commercial users of biological resources, irrespective of their annual turnover, are mandated to share a minimum of 0.5% of their
annual gross ex-factory sale price as benefits.
2. The regulations provide exemption from benefit sharing for industries using cultivated medicinal plants and for AYUSH practitioners.
3. For biological resources of high conservation or economic value, such as red sanders and sandalwood, the benefit sharing shall not be less than 5% of the auction proceeds or sale amount, and can extend beyond 20% for commercial use.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The Khelo India Scheme was launched with the twin objectives of mass participation in sports and promotion of excellence.
2. One of the key components of the Khelo India Scheme is the “Fit India Movement”.
3. Athletes identified under the Khelo India Scheme are eligible for an annual scholarship that includes an out-of-pocket allowance and support for training and diet.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. He was the founder of the Badami Chalukya dynasty and is credited with performing the Ashvamedha Yajna.
2. Vikramaditya I successfully reclaimed Vatapi (Badami) from the Pallavas.
3. His reign was marked by a policy of religious intolerance, primarily promoting Shaivism and suppressing Jain establishments.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The technology relies on a standalone facial recognition software developed by the National Testing Agency (NTA) without using the UIDAI’s Aadhaar database.
2. A primary objective of this Proof of Concept (PoC) was to enhance exam security by reducing chances of impersonation through real-time
biometric verification.
3. The Aadhaar Act, 2016, explicitly prohibits the use of Aadhaar authentication for any purpose other than the delivery of government subsidies and benefits.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement I: The Nabakalebara ritual is performed annually during the Rath Yatra festival in Puri.
Statement II: The ritual involves the ceremonial burial of the old idols in a designated sacred space within the temple premises, symbolizing the cyclical nature of existence.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Statement-I: The Energy Conservation Act, 2022 Amendment strengthens India’s domestic carbon market.
Statement-II: This amendment aligns with India’s NDCs, including a 45% reduction in emission intensity by 2030.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of
the above statements?

1. Article 124(4) and 124(5) of the Constitution govern the impeachment of Supreme Court judges.
2. The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, provides a mechanism to investigate judicial misconduct.
3. The Restatement of Judicial Values, 1997, is legally binding.
How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

1. Road transport accounts for the largest share of logistics movement in India.
2. Waterways are the most cost-effective mode for heavy goods transportation.
3. Rail is predominantly used for short-haul transportation.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. It integrates multi-modal transportation infrastructure for seamless connectivity.
2. It focuses exclusively on rural road networks.
3. It supports infrastructure development through improved coordination among stakeholders.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: Rocket launches contribute to ozone depletion through chlorine-based propellants.
Statement-II: Black carbon released during launches has a minimal impact compared to carbon dioxide.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The “nine-dash line” claim by China encompasses approximately 50% of the South China Sea and is largely accepted under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
2. The Paracel Islands are primarily disputed between the Philippines and Malaysia, with China playing a mediating role.
3. The Sunda Shelf is the deepest part of the South China Sea and is a major area for hydrocarbon exploration.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The GHCI is implemented by the Ministry of Power, with the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) acting as the primary certification body.
2. The scheme mandates a specific greenhouse gas (GHG) emission threshold, measured in kg CO2 equivalent per kg H2, for hydrogen to be certified as “green.”
3. Certification under GHCI covers the entire lifecycle of green hydrogen, including its production, transportation, and storage, to ensure end-to-end traceability.
4. The scheme is mandatory for all hydrogen producers in India, irrespective of whether their product is for domestic consumption or
exclusively for export.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. To be eligible for appointment as CJI, a person must have served as a Judge of a High Court for at least ten years or been an advocate in a High Court for at least five years.
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure of five years for the office of the Chief Justice of India.
3. The President of India can appoint an Acting Chief Justice if the office of the CJI is vacant, but only after obtaining concurrence from the collegium of the five senior-most Supreme Court judges.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

1. Starlink is an example of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations designed to provide global broadband services with significantly lower latency than traditional Geostationary Earth
Orbit (GEO) satellites.
2. A key advantage of LEO satellite internet constellations is their inherent immunity to weather-related signal disruptions, particularly
in higher frequency bands.
3. Inter-satellite links using lasers or radio waves are crucial for creating a mesh network in space, enabling seamless data transfer and reducing reliance on numerous ground stations.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?

Statement-I: The Special 301 Report is an annual publication by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that identifies countries with inadequate protection of intellectual property rights (IPR),
which negatively impacts global trade.
Statement-II: India’s consistent placement on the ‘Priority Watch List’ in the Special 301 Report is primarily due to concerns regarding its
pharmaceutical patent laws and high customs duties on ICT goods.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. The park is located in the Satpura ranges of Chhattisgarh and is primarily characterized by moist evergreen forests.
2. The park is bisected by the Narmada River, which is the primary perennial water source supporting its rich biodiversity.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The NSAB was established as a statutory body through an Act of Parliament to provide longterm strategic inputs.
2. The National Security Advisor (NSA) of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the National Security Advisory Board.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The National Medical Register (NMR) is established under the provisions of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.
2. Enrolment in the NMR is mandatory only for doctors practicing in government healthcare institutions.
3. One of the primary objectives of the NMR is to facilitate the regulation of fee structures for medical consultations across India.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?